Styling. Stylistic edits Unfortunately at a high level
Compare 2 sentence options; indicate which errors have been corrected. If you disagree, make changes to the texts.
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New cattle breeding complexes will appear in different regions of the republic.- New livestock complexes for cattle will be built in many regions of the republic. Business bustle reigned in the school assembly hall. - There was pre-holiday excitement in the school assembly hall. The plant workers were faced with the task of mastering the production of new products in the shortest possible time, and the task was mastered.- The plant workers were faced with the task of mastering the production of new products in the shortest possible time, and their production was mastered. The spectators who gathered at the city stadium on this beautiful May day became accomplices of an unforgettable event. - The spectators who gathered at the city stadium on this beautiful May day witnessed a spectacle of extraordinary beauty. 5.A team of mechanized columns is working hard on the construction of a calf barn. - A team of mechanized columns is working hard on the construction of a calf barn on a collective farm. 6.He helped the defenders, although it was only the fourth minute. - The striker was forced to come to the aid of the defenders already in the fourth minute of the match - the game was so difficult for the team. 7.Increase the efficiency of each worker through the introduction of advanced forms of labor organization.- Increase the labor efficiency of each worker through the introduction of advanced forms of labor organization. 8.The lack of publicity about the progress of work led to the fact that our team did not believe what was going on in the adjacent team. - The lack of publicity about the progress of work led to the fact that our team did not know how the work was going in the adjacent team. 9 .The plant workers are following the path of creating strong technological discipline.- Factory workers are improving their technological discipline. 10.This time the challenge prize received temporary registration from land reclamation workers. - This time the challenge prize was awarded to land reclamation workers. |
Lesson No. 9
The relationship between the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive coloring of a word
After mastering the material on this topic, you will learn:
how emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary;
how to recognize which words carry a positive and which negative assessment.
You will learn:
Distinguish words related to book vocabulary.
Distinguish between words related to colloquial vocabulary.
Distinguish between words used in common speech.
Distinguish between words with high and low stylistic connotations and use them.
Lesson plan:
Words related to book vocabulary.
Words related to colloquial vocabulary.
Words used in common speech.
Editing text.
THEORY
The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Book vocabulary includes high words that add solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Colloquial vocabulary includes words of endearment (daughter, darling), humorous (butuz, laugh), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, boast).
In common parlance, reduced words are used, which are most often outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words containing a positive assessment of the named concept (hard worker), but more often colloquial words express the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they designate (leftist, crazy, flimsy, stupid).
LITERATURE
Golub I.B. Stylistics of the modern Russian language / I.B. Blue – 8th ed. – M.: Iris-press, 2007. – Stylistic coloring of words. The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech – pp. 63-67
STYLING Exercise
Compare sentences, analyze stylistic edits. Give me your version of the edit.
At first, they sincerely laughed at the foreman’s proposal to include night hours for work. Now the whole team is convinced that working in a new way is worthwhile, that such work brings results twice as good as the old ones.“At first, the foreman’s proposal to work at night was not taken seriously, but over time everyone became convinced that such an organization of work made it possible to double output. – The foreman’s proposal to work on the night shift did not find a response from us at first, but now everyone understands that the new organization of work gives twice the best results.
What are the boys of the brigadiers Petrov and Ivanov capable of?In the first half of the year they disgraced themselves. – Will the members of Petrov and Ivanov’s team now be able to prove their skills if they showed poor results in the first half of the year?
The fact that a provincial coach has his own scale is already a brilliant fact. – It’s remarkable that a coach working on the periphery managed to create his own school. – The fact that on the periphery the coach has his own system for educating athletes is a remarkable fact.
Behind Lately the pedestrian became somehow possessed. It’s as if he’s lying in wait for vehicles to rush right under the cars.. – Recently, pedestrians have become especially undisciplined. – Due to the carelessness of pedestrians, accidents have become more frequent recently.
A gradual decline in interest in tap water has been noticed, which is explained by its not particularly pleasant taste. – The taste of tap water has noticeably decreased. – People began to use tap water less happily because of its bad taste. “It’s unlikely that any of us can be convinced that tap water is tasty.” – The water from the tap has become tasteless, and therefore people are reluctant to drink it.
Golenkova K.
QUESTIONS AFTER CLASS
What words belong to book vocabulary?
What words belong to colloquial vocabulary?
What words are used in common parlance?
How to recognize which words carry a positive and which negative assessment?
How emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary;
What stylistic functions of words with high and low coloring do you know?
HOMEWORK
Find words with high and low stylistic connotations; determine their stylistic function in sentences. Replace them with neutral words where possible. How does the overall tone of the phrase change in such cases?
1. [The woman] spread the tablecloth right on the ground, various snacks and mysterious packages appeared... Everyone, according to ancient custom, reclined (M.-S.). 2. – You are so pretty and fell in love with such a nasty face? (Letters). 3. Natalya Kirillovna, suffering, looked first at her son, then at the boyars, but they, as expected, having set their braids, remained silent (A.T.). 4. – Grigory Grigorievich, hello! I really didn’t think I’d find you and your niece in a tete-a-tete. Are you two alone the whole way? (I. Novikov). 5. [Lubentsov] practiced, or, roughly speaking, “gotten it,” to the point that it was not difficult for him to give a speech without preparation (Kazak.). 6. When the banner brigade lined up... Zakharov came out to the banner, and Igor understood what he had to do. Oksana stood next to him - next to him! It was a happy omen: under the elegant, mysteriously sacred red banner, they were really starting their life’s journey nearby! (Poppy.). 7. “I’m sorry,” said Mityashin, out of breath, “we’re a little late (German). 8. – And where are such a crowd of people going? (Guide.).
Exercise 1. Answer the questions
| Questions | Answers |
| 1. What are lexical norms associated with? | With rules of word usage |
| 2. Which synonyms are stylistic and which are contextual? | Differing in style and becoming synonymous in a certain context |
| 3. What can lead to the use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it? | To misunderstanding |
| 4. What is meant by lexical compatibility? | The ability of words to connect in meaning |
| 5. What are paronyms? | Words with the same root and similar in sound, but different in meaning |
| 6. What is the basis of such a phenomenon as pleonasm? | Redundancy or insufficiency of words |
| 7. How does pleonasm differ from tautology? | Tautology - repetition of words with the same root |
Task 2. Which of these words are polysemantic and which have homonyms? Write down the meanings of words in an explanatory dictionary.
Task 3. Determine the reason for the ambiguity of these sentences.
v The young man has no will._________________________________________
v I need to buy cloves. ___________________________________
v I looked at the new exhibition. polysemy ________________________________
v I don't like this forehead. ____________________________________
v The braid was very long. ___________________________________
v A crane was visible by the road. ___________________________________
v This is a linden tree! __________________________________
v Why do I need such a promotion? ____________________________________
v I don't need such an act. ____________________________________
The rest are homonyms
Task 4. What lexical norm is violated in these phrases?
Think and answer: What happens if the adjective is put in quotation marks?
Task 5. Cross out the words that do not combine with these adjectives. How can this be explained?
1. Bosom - Friend, friend friend, neighbor, friendship, meeting
2. Ticklish - question , problem, thought, situation, position, dilemma
3. Inevitable - truth, life , death, success, death , victory, parting, meeting
4. Sudden – departure, success, death, meeting, victory, demise.
Task 6. Analyze these proposals. Explain the reason for the occurrence of lexical errors.
| Offer | Reason for lexical error |
| 1. The boy put on glasses, and his expression immediately became stern. | paronyms |
| 2. Vladimir persuaded Marya Gavrilovna to secretly sign. | polysemy |
| 3. This procedure will improve the patient's condition for the better. | tautology |
| 4. Teachers dismissed the children before the New Year. | polysemy |
| 5. The metallurgical workshop has been launched. | polysemy |
| 6. The sudden departure of my parents to the village did not allow us to meet. | incompatibility |
| 7. People doomed to power must take care of those who endowed them with it. | Endowed (not the right word) |
| 8. Valuable treasures are stored in the museum’s storerooms. | pleonasm |
| 9. These measures promote expansion creativity children. | tautology |
| 10. I'm going to live in democratic country and lead a respectable life. | Decent (not the right word) |
| 11. The indigenous aborigines of Australia live the same way as they did 200 years ago. | pleonasm |
| 12. The convention of the new company did not suit us. | Conditions (wrong word) |
| 13. The main point of all innovations is a movement forward. | pleonasm |
| 14. In his autobiography, Yesenin called Pushkin his teacher. | pleonasm |
| 15. There has been a tremendous improvement in living conditions. | incompatibility |
| 16. Going down is strictly prohibited. | pleonasm |
| 17. Members of the government cannot be held criminally liable. | Attract (wrong word) |
| 18. Business bustle reigned in the assembly hall of the institute. | Inconsistency (there was fuss) |
| 19. I would like to especially note the duet of two violins. | pleonasm |
| 20. A lecture for childless parents will take place on Saturday. | incompatibility |
Task 7. Determine the meaning of these phraseological units using the dictionary. Select synonymous phraseological units.
| Phraseological turnover | Meaning | Synonymous phraseological phrase |
| take fire | Criticize | |
| like the sword of Damocles | Constant threat | |
| free Bird | Free Bird | |
| stringless balalaika | Chatterbox | |
| clawed goose | Fraudster | |
| shake hands | Make a deal | |
| Buridan's donkey | Indecisive man | |
| Balaam's donkey | An unexpected man | |
| cross the Rubicon | Decisive action | |
| a swan song | Outstanding work | |
| byword | Bad fame | |
| open secret | The secret that everyone knows | |
| Chinese letter | Something strange | |
| Aesopian language | The language of hints |
Task 8. Analyze these proposals. Explain the reason for errors when using phraseological units.
Task 9/. Explain what creates the comic effect in the sentences below.
ª Today the zoo is holding an open day.
ª Three tigers and a trainer were sitting in a cage.
ª In Canada, an extraordinary sheep was born to a farmer.
Let's work with words! Establish a correspondence between the word and its meaning.
Ticket number 2.
1. Modern Russian literary language: concept, main features, stages of formation
a) Concept:
Correctness, compliance language norms
Communicative expediency
Accuracy of statement
Logical presentation
Clarity and accessibility of presentation
Purity of speech
Expressiveness
Variety of means of expression
Aesthetics
Relevance
b) Signs:
Normalization - Availability of functional styles
Availability of oral and written forms
Processed - Sustainable - Mandatory for all native speakers
1. Place emphasis in the words: petition, apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, significance, iconography, rubber, funeral, consolidation, phenomenon, asymmetry.
2. Restore paronymic pairs, explain the meaning of each word, using the words in context: chronic - chronic, stony - stone, typos - imprints, lucky - lucky, dress - put on.
3. Determine which properties of words are violated when composing sentences. Edit. Business bustle reigned in the school assembly hall. The question of the level of teaching of certain disciplines should be raised to the appropriate level. Unfortunately, on high level The number of road traffic accidents is found. The echidna's specialty is ants and termites.
There was bustle in the school assembly hall. The question should be raised about the level of teaching of certain disciplines. Unfortunately, the number of road accidents is increasing. The echidna's favorite food is ants and termites.
4. Write a receipt for receiving radio equipment from the office
I, full name, received radio equipment from the office. I guarantee to return it in good condition.
Date and signature.
Ticket number 3.
1. Language as a system: language units (meaning, specificity, functions), levels of language, linguistic relations.
Language units:
A) A lexeme is a unit of content, the sound shell of a word, opposed to a sememe - its content.
B) Phoneme is a unit of the sound structure of a language, represented by a number of positionally alternating sounds, serving to recognize and distinguish significant units of language (words, morphemes): mil - soap - mol - mu - chalk - small.
B) The phrase - syntactic unit, formed by combining two or more significant words (words and word forms) on the basis of a subordinating grammatical connection - agreement, control or adjacency - and those relations that are generated by this connection.
D) Morpheme is the minimum sign, the lower unit of morphology. “A morpheme is one of the basic units of language, often defined as a minimal sign, that is, a unit in which a certain phonetic form (signifier) is assigned a certain content (signified) and which is not divided into simpler units of this kind.”
D) Word form is the upper unit of morphology. This is a word in some grammatical form. Double-sided unit. Has some syntactic properties, i.e. the ability to combine with other word forms when constructing a phrase. The set of syntactic characteristics is syntactics. A word form is a special case of a linguistic sign (a set consisting of a signified, a signifier, and syntactics).
Levels of language: syntactic, morphological, lexical, phonological, text.
Linguistic relations are those relationships that are found between tiers and categories, units and their parts.
2. Correct mistakes made as a result of mixing paronyms. The scientist stood at the sources of rocket science. She came in a flowery dress. The business traveler waited a long time for a place in the hotel. The artist won the gratitude of the audience. I was presented with a new apartment.
The scientist stood at the origins of rocket science. She came in a flowery dress. The business traveler waited a long time for a place in the hotel. The artist won the recognition of the audience. I was given a new apartment.
3. Form the forms Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Prepositional cases cardinal numbers 14298.
R.p. Fourteen thousand two hundred ninety-eight, D.p. fourteen thousand two hundred ninety-eight, T.P. fourteen thousand two hundred ninety-eight, P.P. about fourteen thousand two hundred ninety-eight
4. Insert the missing letters in the words: touch, create, worship, swimmer, illuminate, money lender, blotter, float, dawn, Rostislav, get wet (boots).
Ticket number 4.
1. Language and speech. Functions of the language. Functions of speech.
Language is a means and instrument of communication. Speech is a variable concept and depends on the state of the one who pronounces the words, on his level of upbringing, education, etc. This is a process of communication and speech has the personality traits of the person who is its carrier.
The functions of language are determined by their significance for social life. The language performs the following functions: Communication function Thought-forming function Cognitive (epistemological) function
Speech functions:
Communicative (referential) function Expressive (emotive) function Poetic (aesthetic) function Appellative (directive) function Phatic function (contact-establishing) Metalinguistic function
2. Practical classes.
1. Place emphasis on words. Dialogue, spark, pantry, illness, stalls, overpass, perspective, carpenter, porcelain, Christian, exalted.
2. Explain the differences between the words, use them in sentences. Selected rice - qualifying round, logic calculator - logical answer, heroic deed - heroic age, learn a lesson - master the area, typical case - typical agreement.
3. Edit these sentences. The cleanliness of the streets in general did not improve as a result. A very grandiose event is expected. All the children were extremely happy about the new cartoon. Any person can be a little rude, although he must take care of himself.
This did not improve the cleanliness of the streets. A grandiose event is expected. All the children were very happy about the new cartoon. Any person is sometimes rude, although he must take care of himself.
4. Using these words, write a short note in the newspaper: “I want to be such a teacher...” The authority of the teacher, deep knowledge, morality, love, professionalism, speech culture, improvement, theory and practice, impeccability in everyday life, intelligence, respect.
Ticket number 5
1. Literary language is a processed part of the national language, which has, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form. A linguistic norm is a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. Types of language norms.
Orthoepic norms is a set of rules establishing uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.
Lexical norms are the rules for using words in accordance with their meanings and combinability possibilities.
Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.
Syntactic norms are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.
Stylistic norms are the rules for choosing linguistic means in accordance with the communication situation
Spelling norms - rules for writing words
Punctuation norms– rules for placing punctuation marks.
2. Practical tasks.
1. Explain the meanings of words with different accents, make up phrases. Atlas of the world - a piece of atlas, one-day armor - steel armor, a new vision of an item - a girl's vision, a woolen knitwear (knitted sweater) - a bundle of firewood, sports clubs - puffs of smoke, wet throat - wetness on the street.
2. Open the brackets, combining the words correctly. Single, one (moment, moment), brown, brown (eyes, suit), heavy, heavy (backpack, punishment), true, real, authentic (friend, person, document, hunter, amethyst).
One moment, one moment; brown eye, brown suit; heavy backpack, heavy punishment; a true hunter, a true friend, a true document, a true amethyst, a true person.
3. Find errors, correct sentences. His nostalgia stuck and the call of business called. There were plenty of ordinary people and those passionately interested in the salon. Many still spit on popularity. The parking lot near the Printing House took place thanks to the decision of the administration. Only this kind of still life is suitable for such furniture.
Nostalgia overcame him and the call of business called. There were plenty of ordinary people and passionately interested people walking around the salon. Many are still cold-blooded about popularity. Parking near the Press House was allowed, thanks to the consent of the administration. Only this decor style is suitable for this furniture.
4. Drawing up business documentation: application (standardized form, details).
To the full name and full name of the APPLICATION. I ask you to provide me with extraordinary paid leave from 04/15/2017. Date, signature.
Ticket number 6.
1. Oral and written speech, their specifics
-oral speech- speech that sounds, is pronounced. It is the primary form of existence of language, a form opposed to written speech. In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, oral speech not only outstrips written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual dissemination, but also acquires such an important advantage as the instantaneous transmission of information;
- written speech- this is speech depicted on paper (parchment, birch bark, stone, linen, etc.) using graphic signs intended to indicate speech sounds. Written speech is a secondary, later in time form of the existence of language, contrasted oral speech.
There are also a number of differences of a psychological and situational nature between oral and written speech:
in oral speech, the speaker and listener see each other, which allows the content of the conversation to change depending on the interlocutor’s reaction. In written speech this possibility does not exist: the writer can only mentally imagine a potential reader;
oral speech is intended for auditory perception, written - to visual. Literal reproduction of oral speech is usually
is possible only with the help of special technical devices, but in written speech the reader has the opportunity to repeatedly re-read what has been written, just as the writer himself has the opportunity to repeatedly improve what has been written;
3) written speech makes communication precise and fixed. It connects communication between people of the past, present and future, serves as the basis business communication And scientific activity, oral speech is often characterized by inaccuracy, incompleteness, and conveyance of the general meaning.
Thus, there are both similarities and differences in spoken and written language. The similarities are based on the fact that the basis of both types of speech is the literary language, and the differences lie in the means of its expression.
2. Practical tasks.
1. Explain the meaning of words, make up phrases: sharpness (joke) - sharpnessA (something very spicy from dishes), laurel (wreath, award) - laurel (leaf, seasoning), Coal (stone to heat the stove) - coal (designation of corners geometric shapes), characteristic (volitional) - characteristic (typical), language (barrier, for example speaking in different languages) – languages Oy (verbal, verbal),
2. In which phrases the lexical compatibility of words is violated. A living corpse (a corpse cannot be alive), three only daughters (three daughters), an ordinary miracle (a miracle in itself is extraordinary), the obvious - the incredible, lean your back (lean on your back), a terrible beauty (a very beautiful girl), terrible interesting book (very interesting book), excellent scoundrel (notorious scoundrel), break a glass vase (break a glass vase).
3. Edit the sentences. There has been a tremendous improvement in living conditions. The records continue. Suddenly she noticed that a cat was walking along the corridor on tiptoe.
There is a significant improvement in life. Record breaking continues. Suddenly she noticed a cat quietly walking down the corridor.
4. Form the forms of the Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Prepositional cases of the cardinal number 765.
Genitive seven hundred sixty-five, Instrumental seven hundred sixty-five, Prepositional seven hundred sixty-five.
Ticket number 7
1. Main aspects of speech culture: normative, communicative, ethical; their brief description.
Regulatory aspect speech culture is based on the definition of the concept of “norm” as the leading concept of speech and language culture.
The norm is the set of linguistic means that are most convenient for everyday service of a particular society. This complex developed as a result of the selection of lexical, syntactic, morphological, and other elements.
Ethical aspect Speech culture implies the ability to choose the right words in a specific situation. This requires knowledge of etiquette, norms of cultural behavior, because they are the basis for the correct choice of words. The ethical aspect, unlike the normative one, is subject to situationality. For example, verbal formulas (farewell, greeting, invitation, etc.), address, and some other components of speech depend on the participants in communication, their age, nationality, relationships and other factors.
Communication aspect K.R. implies mastery of all functional varieties of language.
An educated person, depending on the situation, must have expressive colloquial speech, communicate in a scientific or business style, be able to convey his thoughts in official business language, know and be able to competently use the expressive means of fiction in his own speech.
2. Practical tasks.
1. Explain the meaning of words, make up phrases: Inclined to science (inclination towards something) - inclined to maple bush (tilt), cowardly to fight (afraid) - cowardly in the park (jog), vicious circle (closed) - closed barn (locked), critical Review (opinion) - review from the employer (response from someone), the sky will clear up (weather phenomenon) - the situation will clear up (become more clear), transitional age (from one state of the body to another) - transitional element (auxiliary, connecting).
2. Explain the differences between the words, use them in sentences. Fearful - fearful, condemn - discuss, colored - colored, intolerant - intolerable, ignorant - ignorant.
Fearfully, timidly, not boldly. Fearful - creepy, scary. Living on the ocean is scary. Walking down a dark alley is fearful. Convict - render a verdict, discuss - discuss. He was sentenced to 5 years in a maximum security prison. Today we discussed the topic of spring weather.
3. Correct the sentences. The TV viewer began to “change” the blue screen. A forest of hands went up during the vote. Work began with the first kochets. The wipe remained in the coat pocket. This film is poorly made. Kuprin is an amazing writer of his time. Good students always do their homework.
The viewer stopped watching TV. When voting, everyone voted unanimously. Work began early in the morning. The handkerchief remained in the coat pocket. This movie is poorly made. Kuprin Good students always do their homework.
4. Form the forms of the Genitive, Dative, Instrumental, Prepositional cases of the cardinal number 543.
Genitive - five hundred forty three, Instrumental - five hundred forty three, Prepositional - about five hundred forty three.
1 Accentology. Accentological norm of the language, variants of stress.
Accentology is a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress. Accentological norms are norms of stress. Stress in Russian is free, which distinguishes it from some other languages in which stress is assigned to a specific syllable. Stress in Russian can be movable or fixed. If in various forms words, the stress falls on the same part, then such stress is stationary (take care, take care, take care, take care, take care, take care - the stress is assigned to the ending). An accent that changes its place in different forms of the same word is called movable (right, right, right, can, can, can).
2. Practical tasks.
1. Place emphasis in the words: unrestrained, kitchen, invaluable, confession, long-standing, sparkling, miniscule, holy fool, agreement.
2. Explain the differences between paronyms, use them in sentences. Fact (evidence) - factor (reason), well-fed (not hungry) - nourishing (nutritious), whole (not broken) - whole (single), business trip (ticket, everything that relates to a business trip) - business traveler (person, employee ), subscriber (in telephony) – subscription (coupon, transaction), problematic (involving a problem) – problematic (unlikely, doubtful).
3. Find speech errors, correct the sentences. The children conduct their lessons well. Yesterday I was on duty in the student canteen. Yesterday it was raining, but today the day is warm and bright. Delivery of books to school library.
The children exhibit exemplary behavior in lessons. Yesterday I was on duty in the dining room. Yesterday it was raining, but today is a warm and bright day. The delivery of books to the school library was delayed.
4.Give examples of everyday emotionally charged vocabulary (at least 5 words).
Blonde, shake yourself out, crash, run away, dodger.
Give examples of borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian (at least 5 words).
General, captain, algebra, optics, yardarm.
